Zen
is a combination of Taoism and Buddhism, and it is Taoism that makes Zen
pantheistic. Lao Tzu and Zhuangzi, the leading thinkers of
Taoism, spoke of the Tao with a reverence similar to the
way that pantheism discusses God as everything.
Taoism, however, does not refer to a transcendent God but to a ground of being
that underlies all things. It was Zhuangzi
who said: “Heaven and I were created
together, and all things and I are one.”
When asked where the Tao was, Zhuangzi answered that it was in the ant,
the grass, the clay tile, even in excrement.
There is nowhere that the Tao is not, he said.
Advaita
Vedanta is pantheistic as well in that it holds that Brahman is everything. There is an interesting distinction to be
made, however. The physical universe is
a manifestation, or, more correctly, an emanation, like heat from fire, of the
Brahman. But because the physical
universe is time-bound, in constant flux, and transient, it cannot be divine like the
eternal, abiding, divine Brahman.
This
is not to say, though, that there is nothing divine in the physical universe beyond
the creator Brahman. The Atman, the true self, the human soul, is
identical with the Brahman, and therefore is abundant. The physical universe, the Atman, and the Brahman are all one thing, however, is the
point.
There is, incidentally, a similar term to pantheism and that is panentheism. Unlike pantheism that states that God is everything, panentheism posits that God is in everything. Dvaita Vedanta is a good example of panentheism.
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